UTIs are common bacterial infections that can affect any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), ureters, or urethra.

Risk Factors:

• Female anatomy: Shorter urethra increases the likelihood of bacterial invasion.
• Sexual activity: Can introduce bacteria into the urethra.
• Obstruction: Urinary tract blockages like kidney stones, enlarged prostate, or a catheter increase the risk.
• Diabetes: Increases the likelihood of infections due to impaired immune function.

Symptoms:

• Dysuria (painful urination)
• Frequent urination, urgency
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
• Lower abdominal pain or pelvic discomfort

Treatment:

• Antibiotics: Depending on the bacteria, antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or ciprofloxacin are used.
• Pain relievers: Phenazopyridine can alleviate urinary discomfort, but it’s not a cure for the infection.
• Prevention: Drink plenty of water, wipe front to back, urinate after intercourse, and avoid irritating products like douches or powders.

Outcome: With appropriate antibiotic treatment, UTIs usually resolve quickly. However, recurrent UTIs can be a challenge, especially in individuals with anatomical abnormalities or those with a weakened immune system.